tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-309268952024-02-19T21:19:29.068+05:30Hydro Energy FeedIdeas,News,Software,Journals and Conferences from the hydro-energy fieldMrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-59222391495619291202020-05-19T01:07:00.001+05:302020-05-19T01:07:44.854+05:30Some excerpts : Study of IRENA 2019 on Hydropower,New Journal from Elsevier and An indepth tutorial on hydropower<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;">"Hydropower lowest- cost of electricity in the World"</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"> : </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;" /><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;">(Shared,Facts)</i><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Hydropower has high upfront cost.But low maintenance cost. "The global weighted average cost of electricity from hydropower projects in 2018 was US$0.047 per kWh, making it the lowest-cost source of electricity in many markets" (IRENA 2019).</span><a href="https://www.hydropower.org/facts" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; cursor: pointer; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: inherit; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto;" target="_blank">More such facts</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">.</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;" /><b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;">New Journal from Elsevier : Energy and Climate Change</b><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;" /><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;">(Shared,CFP)</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">A new journal "Energy and Climate Change" was launched by Elsevier. The scope of the journal is "wide range of areas of energy and climate related fields that apply to the science and technology, as well as economics and social sciences".Editor in Chief : Leon E. Clarke and Yi-Ming Wei. If you are interested to submit a paper,</span><a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy-and-climate-change?utm_campaign=PS_EGYCC_CFP_CT&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=JHP" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; cursor: pointer; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: inherit; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto;" target="_blank">click here</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">.</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;" /><b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;">An in-depth tutorial on Hydro-power</b><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;" /><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;">(Shared,Howto)</i><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; outline: none; user-select: auto;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">A simple but in-depth tutorial on hydro-power is prepared and uploaded by Keith Vaugh of STEM Education & Design at MAGVA Design. The tutorial is exhaustive and self-explanatory.It includes all the related topics of a course in hydro-power. You can find the tutorial by </span><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/KeithVaugh/hydropower-11538342" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; cursor: pointer; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: inherit; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: auto;" target="_blank">clicking this link</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16.8px; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">.</span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-18313778869790452142020-04-18T02:13:00.000+05:302020-04-18T02:13:16.585+05:30MISO,Climate change and ocean<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A periodical climatic phenomena known as "MISO" causes an extreme wet and extreme dry conditions in India and Sri Lankan Oceans. A new study is trying to establish a link between the MISO and up-surface oceanic activities.<a href="https://www.oceannews.com/news/science-technology/researchers-shed-light-on-perplexing-bay-of-bengal-monsoon-oscillations" target="_blank">Click here</a> to know more.</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-56504399876162785072019-08-17T01:54:00.000+05:302019-08-17T10:01:12.192+05:30"RivGen Power System for generation of hydro-energy from no or low head"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrf5DrpPgSZ_z3pwwlTeDdEmUYS1DB-ar022E5KiwP1p-kkNtyj7m8hbuBnxVo4xYI0HvCKCck_6d0A0WnH8VJY1fJw96Nabvp1jbaJVxlXZdDasbpRdYe3bMAkJgdnkjslRX_TQ/s1600/IMG_20140315_133109.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrf5DrpPgSZ_z3pwwlTeDdEmUYS1DB-ar022E5KiwP1p-kkNtyj7m8hbuBnxVo4xYI0HvCKCck_6d0A0WnH8VJY1fJw96Nabvp1jbaJVxlXZdDasbpRdYe3bMAkJgdnkjslRX_TQ/s320/IMG_20140315_133109.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
(Image Courtesy @ Myself).Original Pic of prototype can be found at energy.gov.<br />
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A portable power generation system which can use the flow of stream or river to produce power was implemented to supply energy to the riverside villages.This device is known as RivGen Power System and it can generate 40kW of power.This device was identified in a contest organized by DOE and the fund won from the award was utilized to develop the product for real life use. More details can be found from <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/articles/energy-department-funding-helps-transform-alaskan-river-renewable-energy-source" target="_blank">energy.gov</a>.</div>
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Thanks,<br />
MM@innovateforsustainability<br />
baipatra.ws<br />
<a href="https://www.cognitoforms.com/InnovateForSustainability/SubscribeMe" target="_blank">Subscribe me</a></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-40621800336119574402019-03-12T23:26:00.003+05:302019-03-12T23:26:45.029+05:30Condition Monitoring of Penstock by a GIS based monitoring system<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A new research idea was proposed where special condition monitoring system can be developed with the help of Geographic Information System(GIS) based attribute tables, selection of vital parameters, identification of their significance, development of the indicator with these parameters and encoding the same in the attribute table in the GIS Map. Once the data connection between the field to software is established real time monitoring of the pen-stock condition will become a possibility.Although economic feasibility with respect to the monitoring system will be one of the criteria for sustenance of such systems.</div>
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The idea is posted at http://www.baipatra.ws</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-72384533301533474692019-03-12T02:21:00.001+05:302019-03-12T02:21:15.343+05:30A new tutorial on Open Channel flow equation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
A new tutorial on Open Channel Flow with sluice gates.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="485" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/3q2eNfxBT7HdUw" style="border-width: 1px; border: 1px solid #ccc; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;" width="595"> </iframe> <br />
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<strong> <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/kuttu80/open-channel-flow-equation" target="_blank" title="Open channel flow equation">Open channel flow equation</a> </strong> from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/kuttu80" target="_blank">Mrinmoy Majumder</a></strong> </div>
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For any query contact Dr.M.Majumder at the <a href="http://groupspaces.com/WaterResourceManagers/" target="_blank">Community</a> or <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mrinmoy_Majumder?ev=hdr_xprf" target="_blank">RG Profile</a> to discuss about the next two monitoring projects of the author.</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-48195640671448092802018-03-15T00:55:00.000+05:302018-03-15T00:55:44.381+05:30Whirlpool Turbines<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/buF8ASmwXt4/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/buF8ASmwXt4?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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A new kind of small scale whirlpool turbine which can be installed in a backyard of any rural households within a week.<br />
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It tries to convert the kinetic energy of water flowing through the specially made canal and also the reaction energy from the canal walls.<br />
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This turbine is made by Turbulent.</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-47770316075826990912017-06-08T22:26:00.000+05:302017-06-08T22:26:03.063+05:30A new fish friendly transport system,electricity from drop of water and other news from water based energy world<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Project awarded to reduce the capital costs, operational costs of wave energy conversion technology.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://energy.gov/eere/water/articles/projects-aim-cut-operations-costs-marine-and-hydrokinetic-energy">https://energy.gov/eere/water/articles/projects-aim-cut-operations-costs-marine-and-hydrokinetic-energy</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Wave Energy Prize was awarded to Aqua Harmonics.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://energy.gov/articles/aquaharmonics-wins-energy-department-s-wave-energy-prize">https://energy.gov/articles/aquaharmonics-wins-energy-department-s-wave-energy-prize</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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New project to create “a new fish-friendly transport system.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://energy.gov/eere/articles/project-led-small-business-keeps-fish-out-harm-s-way">https://energy.gov/eere/articles/project-led-small-business-keeps-fish-out-harm-s-way</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Chief Scientist Dr R. K. Kotnala and his research partner Dr Jyoti Shah of NPL have produced electricity with nothing except a few drops of water.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/indian-scientists-generate-electricity-from-water-sans-using-energy/56030465">http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/indian-scientists-generate-electricity-from-water-sans-using-energy/56030465</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Forging a nexus and managing both water and energy resources in a tangible manner optimizing the utilization of the resource availability is important for sustenance of mankind</div>
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<a href="http://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-food-and-energy/">http://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-food-and-energy/</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Renewable energy” in seawater desalination </div>
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<a href="https://www.sei-international.org/water-energy-and-food-nexus/news-and-updates/3605-from-desalination-to-solar-energy-farming-the-nexus-in-action">https://www.sei-international.org/water-energy-and-food-nexus/news-and-updates/3605-from-desalination-to-solar-energy-farming-the-nexus-in-action</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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View the above news in detail also in <a href="http://www.baipatra.ws/LatestNews" target="_blank">Baipatra</a>.</div>
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Regards,</div>
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Admin,Baipatra</div>
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http:www.baipatra.ws</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-48421882702092469872013-04-15T13:29:00.001+05:302013-04-15T13:29:52.585+05:30Baipatra: BENOIT™ is a fractal analysis software<a href="http://baipatra2012.blogspot.com/2013/04/benoit-is-fractal-analysis-software.html?spref=bl">Baipatra: BENOIT™ is a fractal analysis software</a>: BENOIT™ is a fractal analysis software for Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7 that helps you to mensurate the fractal dimension and/or hur...<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-78687105271984635162013-04-15T13:27:00.001+05:302013-04-15T13:27:14.916+05:30Baipatra: statistiXL is a new data analysis package<a href="http://baipatra2012.blogspot.com/2013/04/statistixl-is-new-data-analysis-package.html?spref=bl">statistiXL is a new data analysis package</a>: statistiXL is a new data analysis package that runs as an add-in to Windows Excel Spreadsheet program. statistiXL has been entirely configu...<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-75360085056786055582013-03-23T22:59:00.001+05:302013-03-23T22:59:42.073+05:30Calculate Specific Speed,Submergence and Overall Efficiency of Pumped Storage Plant<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
A new software to calculate Specific Speed,Submergence and Overall Efficiency of Pumped Storage Plant was developed.<br />
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The software can help students,researchers,engineers to calculate the specific speed,submergence,Potential of Cavitation in the flow and efficiency of pumped storage plants along with the L/h ratio to find the economic requirements of the plant if Normal Speed,Generation and Pump Efficiency,frequency factor,gross head are known.<br />
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The Software can calculate :<br />
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Specific Speed from Normal Speed,Discharge and Gross Head<br />
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Submergence from Specific Speed and head<br />
Overall Efficiency of Pumped Storage Plant from Generator and Pump Efficiency,k value,Gross Head and Discharge.<br />
Potential of Cavitation is estimated from Critical Cavitation,Effective,Suction and Barometric head of water.<br />
The economic requirements of the pumped storage plant can be estimated from dividing Length of Tail Race by Effective Head.Lesser is the ration more economical will be the Pump Storage Plant.<br /><br /><a href="http://researchtools.surfat10.com/Design%20Parameters%20of%20Pumped%20Storage%20Plants/Design_Parameters_of_Pumped_Storage_Plants.html" target="_blank">Calculate</a></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-8031316645119392092013-03-15T07:52:00.000+05:302013-03-15T07:52:36.506+05:30Load,Utilization,Capacity,Diversity Factors<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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These factors can help in analyzing the <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1">performance</span> of a power plant and the impact of varying demand upon and requirements to satisfy the same.How much resource the power plant is utilizing,what is the average load,how much the plant is satisfying the demand etc. can be described by various factors widely applied throughout the world to know the "features of the electrical load"<br />
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The factors which are mainly utilized to analyze the features of the electrical load are :<br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_factor_%28electrical%29" target="_blank">Load Factor</a> : Daily,Monthly,Annual;<br />
<a href="http://www.jcmiras.net/surge/p195.htm" target="_blank">Capacity Factor</a>,<br />
<a href="http://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor/" target="_blank">Utilization Factor</a>,<br />
<a href="http://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor/" target="_blank">Diversity Factor</a> and <br />
<a href="http://www.baipatra.ws/wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/AnnexureD2520925558.pdf" target="_blank">Firm Power</a></div>
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<a href="http://researchtools.surfat10.com/Hydropower_Plant_Factors/Hydropower_Plant_Factors.html" target="_blank">Click the following link to calculate</a> these factors. </div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-21296458359696688852007-12-19T02:05:00.000+05:302007-12-19T02:02:27.664+05:30Total Infiltration by Horton's EquationProblem<br /><br />To calculate the total infiltration and total runoff for a certain catchment<br /><br />Given,<br /><br />Initial Infiltration Capacity(F<span style="font-size:78%;">i</span>),Final Infiltration Capacity(F<span style="font-size:78%;">f</span>),Horton's Constant,Time(T)<br /><br />Solution<br /><br />Calculate Total Infiltration.Then assume the evaporation loss as some constant.Subtract both of them from Precipitation to get the Runoff.<br /><br />Methodology<br /><br />1.Visit <a href="http://www.baipatra.ws/infiltration.html">"Total Infiltration by Horton's Equation" Calculator</a><br /><br />2.Put the given Initial Infiltration Capacity(F<span style="font-size:78%;">i</span>),Final Infiltration Capacity(F<span style="font-size:78%;">f</span>),Horton's Constant,Time(T)<br /><br />3.Click Calculate.<br /><br />k is often given in per day.You must convert it to per hour if the time period and F<span style="font-size:78%;">i</span>,F<span style="font-size:78%;">f</span> is given in hours.<br /><br />Calculator is based on the integration of Horton's Equation<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-50688906236811463032007-12-19T01:50:00.000+05:302007-12-19T01:47:30.912+05:30Volume of Evaporation<span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;">Problem</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> :</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">To estimate the monthly evaporation loss</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;">Given : </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">Reservoir area at the beginning and ending of the time period (eg : 1 month or 1 year)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">Pan depth : 15cm</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;">Solution :</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">You have to calculate the volume of evaporation.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;">Methodology</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">1.Go to </span><a style="font-family: arial;" href="http://www.baipatra.ws/panE.html">Volume of Evaporation Calculator</a><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">2.Put the values of reservoir area at the beginning(IR) and ending(FR) of the time period</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">3.Pan depth(h)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">4.Assume a value of pan coefficient(k) : k : 0.7(generally)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">5.Click 'Submit'</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">6.You will get the evaporation of month May.Now calculate for all the 12 months.This will give a clear estimation of monthly pan evaporation of the reservoir.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">The calculator calculates the volume of evaporation with the help of following formula :</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"> = (k*h/3)*(IR+FR+Square Root of IR*FR)</span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-41035602401823558912007-12-11T02:13:00.000+05:302007-12-11T02:23:33.982+05:30Potential Evapotranspiration<b>Evapotranspiration</b> (<b>ET</b>) is the sum of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/evaporation" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">evaporation</a> and <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/plant" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">plant</a> <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/transpiration" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">transpiration</a>. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/soil" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">soil</a>, <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/interception" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">canopy interception</a>, and <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/body-of-water-1" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">waterbodies</a> Transpiration accounts for the movement of water within a <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/plant" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">plant</a> and the subsequent loss of water as vapour through <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/stoma" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">stomata</a> in its <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/leaf" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">leaves</a>. Evapotranspiration is an important part of the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/water-cycle" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">water cycle</a>. <p><b>Potential evapotranspiration</b> (<b>PET</b>) is a representation of the environmental demand for evapotranspiration and represents the evapotranspiration rate of a short green crop, completely shading the ground, of uniform height and with adequate water status in the soil profile. It is a reflection of the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/energy" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">energy</a> available to evaporate water, and of the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/wind" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">wind</a> available to transport the water vapour from the ground up into the lower <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/upper-atmosphere" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">atmosphere</a>. Evapotranspiration is said to equal potential evapotranspiration when there is ample water.</p><p style="font-weight: bold;">Estimation of ET</p><p>Evapotranspiration may be estimated by creating an equation of the water balance of a catchment (or watershed). The equation balances the change in water stored within the basin (S) with inputs and exports:</p> <p><img class="tex" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/math/2/b/a/2baeadbc22b0859c419d16159972decd.png" alt="\Delta S = P - ET - Q - D \,\!" /></p> <p>The input is precipitation (P), and the exports are evapotranspiration (which is to be estimated), streamflow (Q), and groundwater recharge (D). If the change in storage, precipitation, streamflow, and groundwater <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/recharge-5" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">recharge</a> are all estimated, the missing flux, ET, can be estimated by rearranging the above equation as follows:</p><br /><p><img class="tex" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/math/a/1/d/a1de643b4a26c32b415736fd0b88a86e.png" alt="ET = P -\Delta S - Q - D \,\!" /></p>The most general and widely used equation for calculating reference ET is the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/penman-equation" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Penman equation</a>. The Penman-Monteith variation is recommended by the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/food-and-agriculture-organization" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. The simpler <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/blaney-criddle-equation" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">Blaney-Criddle equation</a> was popular in the Western <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/united-states" class="ilnk" target="_top" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">United States</a> for many years but it is not as accurate in regions with higher humidities. Other solutions used includes Makkink, which is simple but must be calibrated to a specific location, and Hargreaves. To convert the reference evapotranspiration to actual crop evapotranspiration, a crop coefficient and a stress coeficient must be used.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Automatic PET Calculator Available</span><br /><br />A very small script is created to calculate the potential evapo-transpiration(ET) with the help of Penman's Equation(PE).PE is a big equation and needs tedious and careful calculations to find the ET.<a href="http://www.baipatra.ws/PET_cal.html">But this calculator will help anyone to find ET by PE at a click of a button</a>.<br /><br /><br />In hydro power plants thorough knowledge of ET is needed to estimate the storage of the reservoir and hence discharge.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-34220028843126544582007-12-11T01:01:00.000+05:302007-12-11T01:27:10.500+05:30Relation between P,Q and HNow, P is directly proportional to both Q and H.<br /><br /> If either H or Q is increased the magnitude of P increases.If H is increased ,Q decreased,P increases but if H is decreased,Q is increased,P decreases.Visit <a href="http://www.baipatra.ws/hydropower_cal.html">HPC</a> and try to find hydropower(P) with varying head(H) once and varying discharge(Q) once.Then vary both Q and H . Below is what I had done :<br /><br />H(m) :100 : 150 : 200 : 250 : 100 : 100 : 100 : 80 : 60 : 150 : 200<br /><br />Q(mcs) : 100 : 100 : 100 : 100 : 150 : 200 : 250 : 300 : 350 : 300 : 250<br /><br />P(kW) : 98000 : 147000 : 196000 : 245000 : 147000 : 196000 : 245000 : 235200 : 205800 : 441000 : 490000<br /><br />So H is more influential than Q on P.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-12524024778404876652007-12-11T00:28:00.000+05:302007-12-11T01:28:11.044+05:30Problem : 1 : Calculate the potential hydropower of a streamCalculate the potential hydropower of a stream with a head of 300 m and discharge carrying capacity of 25 cubic meter per sec.<br /><br />A stream with a discharge carrying capacity of Q cms and head of H m has a potential power P which is expressed by the equation :<br /><br />P = wQHm kg/sec = 13.33QH hp = 9.8QH kW<br /><br />The above problem can easily be solved with the Power equation.<br /><br />But instead of calculating manually one can use the <a href="http://www.baipatra.ws/hydropower_cal.html">Hydro Power Calculator</a> .<br /><br />Just give a visit to the calculator,write the value of Q,H and w(specific weight of water) and click 'Calculate'.<br /><br />Potential Power will be calculated and given in mkg/sec.<br /><br />To change the result into horse power just change the unit to 'hp' .The output will be given in kiloWatt if hp is changed to 'kW'.<br /><br />For a more detail physics you can visit the <a href="http://www.answers.com/hydropower?cat=technology&gwp=13">answer of hydro power in Answer.com</a><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyZ3q2F-peEwsjVa4vpmxAt_iwaCGJnI4o_5wEdUjotopH-AJzowDWH2V62lAWxXSvGVu8MlCpTsukAyYymPeWO_tPIWVHjL_q8LJc0gtvg54qEz_fFGoT82y7Nt-wfbWvn-rtVg/s1600-h/cal_hydropower.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 383px; height: 213px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyZ3q2F-peEwsjVa4vpmxAt_iwaCGJnI4o_5wEdUjotopH-AJzowDWH2V62lAWxXSvGVu8MlCpTsukAyYymPeWO_tPIWVHjL_q8LJc0gtvg54qEz_fFGoT82y7Nt-wfbWvn-rtVg/s400/cal_hydropower.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5142427995628664914" border="0" /></a>The Hydropower Calculator<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-87909271492301857952007-10-18T23:32:00.000+05:302007-10-18T23:31:59.346+05:30Type of Turbines<p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="notop" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Hydro power plants can be classified in various way,</b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:85%;" ><b>1.According to Construction Features</b></span><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="notop" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Impoundment</b><br /> An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. The water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant reservoir level.</span> </p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Diversion</b><br /> A diversion, sometimes called <i>run-of-river</i>, facility channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam.</span> </p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Pumped Storage</b><br /> When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir to generate electricity.</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">2.According to Size of Hydropower Plants</span></span></p> <span style="font-family: arial;font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" > </span><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" class="notop" ><span style="font-size:85%;">Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply many consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities.</span> </p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Large Hydropower</b><br /> Although definitions vary, DOE defines large hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30 megawatts.</span> </p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Small Hydropower</b><br /> Although definitions vary, DOE defines small hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of 0.1 to 30 megawatts.</span> </p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Micro Hydropower</b><br /> A micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts (0.1 megawatts).</span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">For some good pictures of various types of hydro power plants visit <a href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html">EERE : Department of Wind and Hydropower Technology Programme website</a></span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">3.According to Hydro power Turbines</span><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;">There are two main types of hydro turbines: impulse and reaction. The type of hydropower turbine selected for a project is based on the height of standing water—referred to as "head"—and the flow, or volume of water, at the site. Other deciding factors include how deep the turbine must be set, efficiency, and cost.</span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">All types of turbines are classified into 2 large divisions.</span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">A.Reaction B.Impulse</span></p><p style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">A.Reaction :</span></p><p style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.</span></p> <p style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Newton's Third Law i.e 'Every Action has Equal and Opposite Reaction' describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines. They are used in low and medium head applications.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">B.Impulse :</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine's curved blades which reverse the flow. The resulting change in momentum impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy. </span></span><p style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't require a housing for operation.</span></p> <p style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.</span></p> <p style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Impulse turbines are most often used in very high head applications.</span></p><p style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Examples :</span></p><p style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Reaction turbines:</span></p> <ul style="font-family: arial;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbine" title="Francis turbine">Francis</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_turbine" title="Kaplan turbine">Kaplan, Propeller, Bulb, Tube, Straflo</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_turbine" title="Tyson turbine">Tyson</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">Water wheel</a></span></li></ul> <p style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Impulse turbines:</span></p> <ul style="font-family: arial;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelton_wheel" title="Pelton wheel">Pelton</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgo_turbine" title="Turgo turbine">Turgo</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banki_turbine" title="Banki turbine">Michell-Banki (also known as the Crossflow or Ossberger turbine)</a></span></li></ul><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;font-size:85%;" >4.According to Head or reservoir level</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">Ludins propose classification of hydro-plants based on head.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">1.Low Head Plants : Less than 15 m head</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">2.Medium Head Plants : 15 m - 70 m</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">3.High Head Plants : 71 m - 250 m</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">4.Very High Head Plants : Above 250 m<br /><br />Hydro power plants can also be classified based upon location,operation and turbine placement.<br /></span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30926895.post-72064844402972188782007-10-17T14:39:00.000+05:302007-10-18T00:04:39.285+05:30Why Hydropower ?<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;font-family:arial;font-size:85%;" >Advantage of Hydro Power or 'power from water' is</span><br /><ul style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The chief advantage of hydro systems is elimination of the cost of fuel. Hydroelectric plants are immune to price increases for fossil fuels such as <span style="text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-GB"> oil</span>, <span style="text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-GB"> natural gas</span> or <span style="text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-GB"> coal</span>, and do not require imported fuel.<br /></span> </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Hydroelectric plants tend to have longer lives than fuel-fired generation, with some plants now in service having been built 50 to 100 years ago.<br /></span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Labour cost also tends to be low since plants are generally heavily automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.<br /></span> </p></li><li> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Hydroelectric plants generally have small to negligible emissions of <span style="text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-GB">carbon dioxide</span> and <span style="text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-GB">methane</span> due to reservoir emissions, and emit no <span style="text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-GB">sulphur dioxide</span>, nitrogen oxides, <span style="text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-GB">dust</span>, or other pollutants associated with combustion.<br /></span> </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Since the generating units can be started and stopped quickly, they can follow system loads efficiently, and may be able to reshape water flows to more closely match daily and seasonal system energy demands.<br /></span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Hydroelectric plants with reliable hydrological histories are dispatchable and can be considered firm capacity. Consequently, in normal water years hydroelectric plants designed for a firm load will have a useful amount of surplus energy that may be exportable if transmission is available.<br /></span> </p></li><li> <p style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-GB">Pumped storage plants</span> currently provide the most significant means of storage of energy on a scale useful for a utility, allowing low-value generation in off-peak times (which occurs because fossil-fuel plants cannot be entirely shut down on a daily basis) to be used to store water that can be released during high load daily peaks. Operation of pumped-storage plants improves the daily <span style="text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-GB">load factor</span> of the generation system.<br /></span> </p></li><li> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide excellent leisure facilities for <span style="text-decoration: none;" lang="EN-GB">water sports</span>, and become tourist attractions in themselves.<br /></span> </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Multi-use dams installed for irrigation, flood control, or recreation, may have a hydroelectric plant added with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the cost of dam operation.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Hydro power plants convert about 90 percent of the energy in falling water into electrical energy. This is much more efficient than fossil-fueled power plants, which lose more than half of the energy content of their fuel as waste heat and gases.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Hydro generates few GHG and no other air pollutants.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Wildlife preserves can be created around reservoirs, which can provide stable habitats for endangered and threatened species(Eg. catch rates for game fish like walleye and small mouth bass are substantially higher on hydro power reservoirs than natural lakes.) </span></p></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;">Flood prevention</span></li></ul><ul style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;" ><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Humidity and temperature increase, which is beneficial to crops(Eg.Three Gorge Dam in China)</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" >As correctly said : - "Hydropower is a clean and renewable source of energy that can contribute to fighting climate change and air pollution in countries around the world, as well as providing electricity and water in areas where it is most needed," adds International Hydropower Association president Dogan Altinbilek....</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 51);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Hydropower: An Essential Part of the Solution to Climate Change,</strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Montreal, Canada December 6, 2005(Source : http://www.ich.no)</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Though,as usual,there is a anti-opinion about ,whether hydropower a less Green House Gas emitter than a Fossil Fueled power house.According to Dr.Fearnside,GHG emitted from hydro power terms are greater than fossil fuel plants.He explain this with the help of CO2 compressed in CocoCola .When you open a bottle of CocoCola,a lot of CO2 is emitted due to the sudden reduction of pressure.Similarly when water comes out of the spillways and turbine,pressure is reduced and hence a lot of methane is released . As 1 ton of CO2 is equivalent to 21 tons of CO2,hence the GHG emission from the hydro power plants are worth noticiable.You can read the full article about <a href="http://scitizen.com/screens/blogPage/viewBlog/sw_viewBlog.php?idTheme=14&idContribution=298">"Why Hydropower is Not Clean Energy" by </a></span></span><a style="font-family: arial;" href="http://scitizen.com/screens/blogPage/viewBlog/sw_viewBlog.php?idTheme=14&idContribution=298"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="articleContent"><b>Dr. Philip M. Fearnside</b></span></span></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 51);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br />But though there is a debate about whether hydro power's ability to be a clean energy or not,its potential of becoming the most efficient alternative energy source is never doubted nor contested.<br /><br />Thanks<br />Mrinmoy<br />Research Scholar<br />School of Water Resources Engg,Jadavpur University<br />http://www.baipatra.ws<br /><br /><br /></span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Written by Mrinmoy Majumder of www.baipatra.ws</div>Mrinmoyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05238972353052503774noreply@blogger.com0